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UNFCCC First report on the determination of the needs of UNFCCC First report on the determination of the needs of UNFCCC Fourth (2020) Biennial Assessment and
Standing Committee on Finance developing country Parties related to implementing Standing Committee on Finance developing country Parties related to implementing Standing Committee on Finance Overview of Climate Finance Flows
the Convention and the Paris Agreement the Convention and the Paris Agreement
Figure 2 Figure 3
Needs expressed by developing countries in national reports by theme, region and means of implementation Needs expressed by developing countries in national reports by sector
. : By theme . : By sector (mitigation) Number of
, countries Figure 4
,
, Global climate finance in the context of broader finance flows, opportunities and costs
, NDCs
,
,
,
Adaptation nance Fossil fuel corporate Carbon price Investments with
BURs
ows – capital expenditure bn revenues Stimulus deforestation risks
NDCs BURs NCs TNAs NAPs TAPs NAPAs LEDS ACs bn % in at risk of package
Mitigation , , ,
- -
- stranded asset bn estimates (total) . bn %
Net agriculture
Adaptation , , , ,
, ,
bn subsidies per year . tn
Crosscutting
- - NCs ,
-
Unspeci ed - - - - - - - bn bn Renewable energy
%
FLOWS Stimulus package power-generation
subsidies ( )
. : By region TNAs
Climate nance Fossil fuel Insurance claims estimates (green) bn
events
NDCs BURs NCs TNAs ows – subsidies from weather-related
bn
% . % % % % . % % % TAPs
% bn Low-carbon energy
%
investment needs
% % LEDS per year -
%
% , , , Fossil fuel . tn to Green bonds
investment
countries countries % countries % countries issued in
Energy Waste & Sanitation Land use & Forestry Transport Agriculture – . tn per year bn
bn
% % %
%
% % . : By sector (adaptation) Number of
% countries
NAPs TAPs NAPAs LEDS ACs
% % % % %
% % % %
%
NDCs
Green and
countries countries
countries
climate-aligned
bonds
countries countries
% outstanding
%
% % % . tn
%
BURs
African States Asia-Paci c States Eastern European States Latin American and Caribbean States Western European and other States Debt securities
outstanding ( )
Assets under tn
. : By means of implemenation management
% NCs
tn
NDCs STOCKS
BURs
NCs
% TNAs NAPs
Number of countries Real estate assets
TAPs TNAs
at risk in
NAPAs
tn
LEDS
ACs NAPs
Fixed assets in
TAPs
% sectors linked
to the fossil
NAPAs
fuel system
tn
-
%
Stranded assets
LEDS
tn
ACs
Finance
, , , , , Note: Data points are provided to place climate finance in context and do not represent an aggregate or systematic view. All flows are global and annual for 2018 unless otherwise stated. The
% Capacity-building representation of stocks that overlap is not necessarily reflective of real world overlaps. The flows are not representative of all flows contributing to the stocks. Climate finance flows are those
Technology development and transfer Agriculture Water Disaster prevention and preparedness Coastal zone management represented in section B of the Summary and Chapter 2 of the fourth BA technical report.
% Cross-cutting Ecosystem Infrastructure Health Forestry
7 33 52
UNFCCC First report on the determination of the needs of UNFCCC First report on the determination of the needs of UNFCCC First report on the determination of the needs of
Standing Committee on Finance developing country Parties related to implementing Standing Committee on Finance developing country Parties related to implementing Standing Committee on Finance developing country Parties related to implementing
the Convention and the Paris Agreement the Convention and the Paris Agreement the Convention and the Paris Agreement
Figure 1 Figure 2.2
Overview of articulation of needs including costed needs by type of national report submitted Illustration of needs in NDCs by domestic and international sources (USD billion)
to the UNFCCC
From international sources From domestic sources
,
Parties
,
Parties NDC total costed needs
,
Parties
Parties , y
Unspeci ed
,
,
,
,
NCs NDCs TAPs NAPs
USD ,
. – ,
. billion USD
, .
–
, . billion USD . billion USD
. billion ,
Parties Parties
Parties Parties
,
,
Parties Parties
,
Parties
© Getty Images
Parties Parties
TNAs BURs NAPAs LEDS ACs
USD .– .
billion USD ,
.
– ,
. billion USD . billion USD , . – , .
billion USD . billion Pakistan also provided detailed information on needs
Parties Parties Parties Parties Parties Table 2.2
expressed in their NDCs. Of the 771 needs expressed in the
Number of costed needs Needs expressed in Nationally Determined NDCs of countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 3.2 arrangements refer to the structures, approaches,
Number of needs Contributions by region region, 166 NDCs include costed needs, cumulatively practices or rules put in place by stakeholders at
amounting to USD 168.2-168.3 billion, of which almost 60 different levels to steer the process of assessing needs
per cent was in one NDC. Some countries that costed their Institutional arrangements for and impacts, identifying low-emission development
Notes: Ranges of costs included where available. Number of needs identification
expressed Costed needs needs include Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Cuba, the pathways, determining vulnerability and risk, planning
Number of needs with based on Dominican Republic and Haiti. for adaptation, implementing adaptation and mitigation
Region expressed financial available measures, monitoring climate finance flows, and
financial
needs information information 40. NDCs of developing countries from the Eastern Interministerial committee monitoring and evaluating climate actions.
including communities
development and transfer, and capacity-building needs. was not provided on possible sources of finance. Among (i.e. costed (USD billion) European region include 282 needs, of which 112 were with stakeholder engagement,
needs)
The level of detail in the information provided varies in the national reports, NCs from 149 Parties present the costed, cumulatively amounting to USD 9.36 billion. 108. Institutional arrangements differ widely across
terms of the description of needs and their associated highest number (6,990) of identified needs, of which African States 1,529 874 2,459.56– Interministerial countries. However, one common arrangement is the
2,460.56
costs, if specified. While some Parties express costed 1,137 costed needs cumulatively amount to USD 8.8–8.9 41. As noted in paragraph 34 above, needs expressed committee with NGOs establishment of a steering committee or a climate
needs for adaptation or mitigation purposes, other trillion, with 5 per cent of the costed needs distributed Asia-Pacific 1,677 630 3,180.39– in national reports are dynamically changing and, and the private sector change unit within the lead ministry, mostly the
communicate needs at the activity or sector level. across 45 NCs and 95 per cent in 1 NC. BURs from 62 States 3,250.39 therefore, data and information thereon may not be ministry in charge of environmental affairs, to lead
Parties indicated 2,044 needs, of which 535 needs are Eastern exhaustive. While the number of needs and costed Interministerial and coordinate all efforts on the needs identification
16. As at 31 May 2021, NDCs from 153 Parties included costed, cumulatively amounting to USD 11.5 trillion, European 282 112 9.36 needs communicated in national reports is lower for committee process. In most countries, members appointed to
States
4,274 needs, with 1,782 costed needs identified across with 5 per cent distributed across 60 BURs and 95 per some regions than others, this does not mean that this committee are drawn from existing staff within
78 NDCs, cumulatively amounting to USD 5.8–5.9 cent across 2 BURs, thereby representing the highest Latin American those regions have no or fewer needs. Rather, this may the host ministry. This committee or unit, which is
trillion up until 2030. Of this amount, USD 502 billion amount of costed needs identified across the nine types and Caribbean 771 166 168.18–168.26 be due to lack of available data, tools and capacity got Ministerial often led by a focal point, then takes up the role of
committee
States
is identified as needs requiring international sources of of national report. These figures should be viewed in the determining and costing needs. Therefore, the number of and focal identifying the needs and decides on the processes
finance and USD 112 billion as sourced from domestic light of the size and nature of developing country Parties’ Western 15 – – needs and costed needs compiled from national reports point only and approaches to be used in achieving this goal.
European and
finance. For 89 per cent of the costed needs, information economy and the scale of climate impacts on them. other States available at the time of preparation of the first NDR Figure 3.3 below shows the common institutional
should not be used to draw comparisons of the actual arrangements adopted by developing countries in the
Notes: Ranges of costs included where available. needs across regions. Source: Communications submitted as part of the UNFCCC process. needs identification process.
8
UNFCCC Fourth (2020) Biennial Assessment and
Standing Committee on Finance Overview of Climate Finance Flows
Figure 2
SSE
Liechtenstein Climate finance flows in 2017-2018 (billions of USD, annualized)
Iran Somalia Bosnia and Domestic climate-related Private
public investment,
Herzegovina Belarus Adaptation public nance, Public Public Renewable energy,
%
%
Czechia Azerbaijan Other sectors public Public Public
CFM Namibia Bahrain Bermuda Lebanon nance – mitigation, Public
%
United Republic MDB climate nance attributed
Botswana (Level of completeness) to developed countries (b)
Multilateral
Ethiopia Tonga of Tanzania LOW HIGH climate funds
(including UNFCCC)
Rwanda Private Public Mobilized private climate nance through multilateral channels
Equatorial Guinea Nicaragua Kuwait LOW (Level of completeness) HIGH Climate-speci c nance through bilateral,
UNFCCC funds
Guatemala Jamaica Côte d’Ivoire (Trend from
-
average) Sustainable regional and other channels
Madagascar Bulgaria Zimbabwe %
transport,
NGFS Marshall Burkina Uganda Public nance projects
Other private
Islands
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
Faso
Energy efficiency, Mobilized private climate
% Private nance through bilateral,
regional institutions (c)
Switzerland Republic of Korea France Ireland Mauritius North
Albania Spain Macedonia 2017 2018 Sources of data and relevant
section of technical report
flows
Slovakia Norway Estonia Germany Malaysia Croatia Romania Global total Renewable energy Public 351.4 66.5 322.4 51.4 CPI 2020 based on multiple sources
Section 2.2.2
Uruguay Japan Private 284.9 271.0
Poland Finland Armenia Russian Energy efficiency 229.9 234.6
Malta Cyprus Greece Canada Luxembourg Australia Federation Public 35.7 32.3 IEA Energy Efficiency Market Reports/CPI
Section 2.2.3
Netherlands Sweden United Arab Private (a) 194.2 202.3
Hungary Portugal Emirates Singapore Sustainable transport 160.5 120.5 Section 2.2.4
Senegal European Union Iceland United Israel Public 118.1 42.4 70.9 49.7 IEA World Energy Investment Reports/
CPI 2020 based on multiple sources
Private
Trinidad and Denmark Latvia Kingdom Italy Slovenia Seychelles Other sectors public finance – mitigation 37.4 34.4 CPI 2020 based on multiple sources
Section 2.2.5 (see notes)
Tobago Lithuania United States Section 2.2.6
Monaco Austria Adaptation public finance 24.7 34.1 CPI 2020 based on multiple sources
New Section 2.3
Belgium Zealand Domestic climate-relate public investment 86.7 86.7 BURs, CPEIRs, I4CE, IDB, UNDP,
various government reports
Flows to UNFCCC funds 1.5 2.4 Section 2.5.2
non-Annex I
Ukraine Indonesia Colombia China India South Africa Parties Multilateral climate funds (including UNFCCC) 28.1 2.2 31.8 3.1 Fund financial reports, CFU
Section 2.5.1
Climate-specific finance through bilateral, regional
Cambodia Chile Costa Rica Brazil Serbia and other channels 24.1 25.8 Annex II Party BRs
Section 2.5.2
Mexico Egypt Tunisia OECD 2020a
MDB climate finance attributed to developed countries (b)
Iraq Georgia Paraguay Philippines Thailand Mobilized private climate finance through multilateral channels 10.8 10.8 Section 2.5.4
Morocco
Mobilized private climate finance through bilateral,
regional institutions (c) 3.7 3.8 OECD 2020a
Section 2.5.4
Pakistan Other private finance projects 5.3 11.0 CPI 2020 based on multiple sources
Lao People’s Fiji Maldives Bangladesh Argentina Kenya Nigeria Kazakhstan Viet Nam Peru Abbreviations: BUR=Biennial Update Reports, CPEIR=Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews, CPI=Climate Policy Initiative, IEA=International Energy Agency, I4CE=Institute for
Honduras Democratic Dominican Republic Ecuador Mongolia Nepal Climate Economics, MDB=Multilateral Development Bank, OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, UNDP=United Nations Development Programme.
Notes: a) Value discounts transport energy efficiency estimates by 8.5% to account for overlap with electric vehicle estimates, same as in the previous years. b) From Annex II to non-Annex I Par-
Republic Ghana Kyrgyzstan ties. Values derived from calculating equity shares of Annex II Parties per MDB multiplied by the climate finance provided to non-Annex I Parties from MDBs own resources. c) Estimates include
private finance mobilized through public interventions from developed countries.
Samoa Panama Sri Lanka Jordan Turkey
